Chapter 5: Histology

Histology is the study of tissues and how they are arranged. There are four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle. Nervous tissue and muscle tissue will be described in depth in their own chapters (see chapters 11/12).

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HHSC 225 Anatomy & Physiology II Project

an image of the inside of a human body with labels on it and labeled in red

Merocrine is made simple cuboidal and are constantly secreting their products through exocytosis. Merocrine glands are characterized as sweat glands, but when they are located in mammary/axillary region, they are characterized as apocrine glands. Merocrine glands are more superficial than apocrine glands. Additionally apocrine glands are associated with odor and nerves. Both of these glands are characterized as suderiferous (sweat glands). Holocrine glands are characterized as sebaceous glands.

Exocrine Gland

The Cell

Holocrine glands are a form of exocrine gland and secrete their substances through apoptosis. As the cell grows it enlarges and manufactures intracellular vesicles, that are filled with whatever the secretion may be. As the cell nears its death, it ruptures and the secretion is made available to the outside. Thus, because they require cell death, the upkeep of the gland requires resupply of tissues and high rate of mitosis. The tissue type is stratified cuboidal, which aids in secretion.

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Endocrine Glands

Anatomy And Physiology

Biology

Anatomy

Exocrine glands and endocrine glands differ in where they secrete their substances. Exocrine glands secrete their substances through a duct; endocrine glands secrete their substances (hormones) directly to blood for blood transport.

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Blood is characterized as fluid connective tissue. There are a variety of cells such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and lots of space. Like other connective tissues, blood has more ground substance (blood plasma) than cells (formed elements). Blood is contained in the heart and blood vessels and functions to transport gases, nutrients, wastes, chemical signals, and heat throughout the body. (see chapter 18 for more detail).

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Connective Tissue Drawing

Cancellous Bone

Loose Connective Tissue

Compact bone can be recognized by the presences of osteoctyes. Osteocytes are described in greater detail in Chapter 8. Compact bone is harder and less porous than spongy bone. For this reason it provides protection and support and makes up the outer layers of bones (surrounding the spongy bone).

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Human Anatomy And Physiology

Bone Marrow

Spongy bone is characterized by its porosity and is lightweight. It is calcified and hard, however it appears spongy. If fills the head of loans bones and makes up the middle layer of flat bones. (see chapter 7 for more details).

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Microscopic Photography

Cells And Tissues

Collagen Fibers

Fibrocartilage is characterized by rows of chondroblasts within a lacuna as well as parallel collagen fibers. This type of tissue resists stretch and shock, which is crucial in locations such as vertebral disks.

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Hyaline cartilage is a type of supportive connective and is characterizd by no vascularity, chondroblast within a lacuna, and white space. Because of its avascular property, hyaline cartilage is extremely difficult to repair. Because of its rubbery and rigid qualities, it aids in holding airways open in respiration, easing joint movements, and moving vocal cords. It also functions as a precursor in bone formation (see chapter 7). One can find hyaline cartilage in the nose or trachea.

Dense irregular connection is similar to dense regular tissues, however the collagen fibers run in all directions. This aids in stretch in all directions rather than just left to right. This type of tissue makes up almost all of the dermis. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, Anatomy Tissues, Tissue Illustration, Anatomy Chart, Science Notes

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense irregular connection is similar to dense regular tissues, however the collagen fibers run in all directions. This aids in stretch in all directions rather than just left to right. This type of tissue makes up almost all of the dermis.

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Dense irregular connective tissue is characterized by lots of fiber, and less space/fluid. Regular refers to a wave/ripple looking patter of collagen fibers, which resists stretch from left to right. This provides strength to the tissues, which is a crucial function as they are found in tendons (bind bones to muscle) and ligaments (bind bones together).

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Tissue biology

Loose connective tissue

Microscopic photography

Cells and tissues

Basement membrane

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Human Circulatory System

Adipose tissue (loose fibrous connective tissue) is characterized by lots of ground substance (more space, less fibers). Adipose tissue contains adipocytes, large empty looking cells, nuceli that are pressed against membrane, and blood vessels. This tissue functions as energy storage (holds triglycerides), thermo insulation, and protective layer for organs. It can be found subcutaneously or surrounding organs.

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Microscopic Images

Medical School Motivation

Science Nerd

Reticular tissue (loose fibrous connective tissue) is characterized by lots of ground substance (more space, less fibers).The fibers are a loose framework of reticular fibers. This tissue also contains numerous leukocytes, aiding in filtration and immune functions. Reticular tissue provides structure in lymphatic organs, such as the spleen or lymph nodes.

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Areolar Connective Tissue

Skin Anatomy

Cell Forms

Areolar tissue (loose fibrous connective tissue) are characterized by lots of ground substance (more space, less fibers). It contains collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and numbers blood vessels. It can be found underlying almost all epithelia (providing nutrients from blood vessels to epithelia) , around blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, etc. It functions to loosely bind epithelia to other tissues, immune function, and allows passage for nerves/blood vessels.

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(2)...Collagen fibers aid in stretch resistance, provide strength, and can be found in tendons/ligaments. Reticular fibers are thin collagen fibers with glycoproteins that create network/filtration for pathogens for organs such as the spleen. Elastic fibers are made of proteins called elastin, which allows the fibers to reconfigure after stretch. This accounts for the ability of the skin, lungs, and arteries to spring back after they are stretched.